PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts

The Beechcraft Baron 58 is the brainchild of Hawker Beechcraft Corporation. The corporation developed this particular model in1970. According to the Corporation’s website, a new Beechcraft 58 costs around 1.2 million dollars (Baron58 n.d). The specifications of this plane include a twin engine piston, six passenger seats, and two aft doors. It has a gross weight of 2450-2500 kilograms and a maximum take-off weight of 2450 kilograms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Flight Express is an air carrier company with a fleet of eighty-nine aircrafts. Out of these, twenty-seven are Beechcraft models (Flight Express 2010). Flight Express has its headquarters in Orlando, Florida and it operates in twenty six other states across the United States. Express prides itself in being a time-critical and an on demand carrier that specialises in regional air transport. The airline transports packages for several companies including those in publishing, life science, and banking industries. Flight Express’s pilots log over 64,000 flight hours annually (Flight Express, 2003). Although Flight Express operates under FAR (Federal Aviation Regulations), its operations will be looked into from the CAA’s perspective for the purpose of this cost assessment. This is mostly because the company’s FAR approved records are not accessible to the public. Since the cost assessment is done for a general case of 200 hours, the results obtained through either regulations (FAR or CAA) should not have a vast discrepancies between them. The Beechcraft’s maximum take-off weight is below 2730 kilograms, it is henceforth classified as a light piston engine aircraft (Civil Aviation Authority 2005). There are five specified maintenance checks for this aircraft category. The first one is Check A and it must be carried out before the first flight of the day. The second check is the fifty-hour check. This check has to be carried out after every fifty flight hours or alternatively after six months of operation. Then there is the 150-hour check that is carried out after every one hundred and fifty hours of flight. The other checks are the annual check- carried out after every twelve months, and the star inspection. The civil Aviation Authority stipulates most of these checks. According to the Authority, Check A requires the engine’s air filter to be inspected with emphasis on its cleanliness. The tyres and wheels of the plane also have to be checked for damages. The inflation levels and other anomalies also have to be checked.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the functionality of the fuel pump has to be inspected during this check. The fifty-hour check involves inspection of the fuel pump, air filt er, wheels, and tyres. Extensive checks of these areas have to be carried out after either fifty hours of flight or six months whichever comes first. Most of the times, this check involves replacement of oil filters and tyres. The 150-hour check on its part coincides with the 50-hour checks. This means that all the inspections stipulated in the 50-hour check are included in this one. The standard operations in this check include engine servicing and sometimes tyre replacements. This check must be carried out after every one hundred and fifty hours of flight. On the other hand, the annual check is carried out after every twelve months. During this check all oil filters are replaced. The tyres might also be replaced if any signs of damage or wearing out were found. The fuel pump and the engine air filters might also be replaced during this annual check (Civil Aviation Authority 2005). Appendix X illustrates a study of how PMA parts can reduce the maintenance costs for Flight Express a ircrafts. For instance, it is assumed that Flight Express operates each Beechcraft Baron 58 for about 200 hours annually. This means that several parts will have to be replaced in accordance with CAA’s regulations. This means that aircraft parts like engine air filters, oil filters, main tyres, and nose tyres will be needed in the course of these checks. Other parts that can be replaced within the 200 hours of flight are fuel pumps and wheel assemblies. However, these parts are rarely replaced within this period in normal circumstances. Appendix X lists the estimated number of replacements that can be made within two hundred hours of flight. Within the estimated time frame of two hundred hours, a single aircraft will require these parts to be replaced; two engine air filters, one fuel pump, eight oil filters, two wheel assemblies, four main tyres, and two nose tyres. If Flight Express chooses to use OEM parts when making these replacements, it will cost the company fourteen t housand, seven hundred and ninety seven dollars and seventy eight cents. This includes the cost of a fuel pump that is often very high priced by most manufacturers. However, if Flight Express chooses to use PMA’s parts it will only cost the company a total of four thousand, nine hundred and eighty four dollars and fifty two cents. This indicates that Flight Express is set to save around sixty six percent in material costs if the company chooses to use PMA’s products. These possible savings are in terms of a single aircraft.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering Flight Express operates a total of twenty seven Beechcraft Baron 58 aircrafts, the company stands to make substantial savings if PMA parts are used. Each of these aircrafts has an approximate two hundred hours of flight in one year. The total number of replacement s is in turn expected to be around fifty four engine filters, twenty seven fuel pumps, two hundred and sixteen oil filters, twelve wheel assemblies, one hundred and eight main tyres and fifty four nose tyres. If the company goes for PMA products, the company can save in excess of two hundred and forty thousand dollars in each maintenance cycle. When this list excludes the high priced fuel pumps, it will still cost Flight Express 45,136.54 dollars. It will cost the company seventy seven thousand, five hundred and forty six dollars and four cents if these same products are sourced from OEM. One of the limitations of this assessment is the method used to arrive at the average two hundred hours of flight per year. This is because this figure is estimated from the number of flight hours logged by each pilot annually (Flight Express 2010b). Summary The results of this case study indicate that PMA’s products are cheaper compared to those from alternative companies. Aviation companie s can take advantage of the cost cutting options provided by PMA. Any aviation company that chooses to use PMA-made spare parts stands to save a lot of money in maintenance costs. References Baron58, n.d, Beechcraft Baron 58 General Information. Web. Civil Aviation Authority, 2005, CAP 411: Light A/C Maint Schedules (Aeroplanes). Web. Flight Express, 2003, Initial and Recurrent Flight Training Handbook: Beechcraft 58 Baron. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Flight Express, 2010, About. Web. Flight Express, 2010b, Flight Express Fleet. Web. This essay on PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts was written and submitted by user Fallen One to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Make Paper Chromatography With Leaves

Make Paper Chromatography With Leaves You can use paper chromatography to see the different pigments that produce the colors in leaves.  Most plants contain several pigment molecules, so experiment with many species of leaves to see the wide range of colors. This is a simple science project that takes about 2 hours. Key Takeaway: Leaf Paper Chromatography Chromatography is a chemical purification method that separates colored substances. In paper chromatography, pigments may be separated based on the different size of the molecules.Everyone knows leaves contain chlorophyll, which is green, but plants actually contain a wide range of other pigment molecules.For paper chromatography, plant cells are broken open to release their pigment molecules. A solution of plant matter and alcohol is placed at the bottom of a piece of paper. Alcohol moves up the paper, taking pigment molecules with it. Its easier for smaller molecules to move through the fibers in paper, so they travel fastest and move the furthest up the paper. Larger molecules are slower and dont travel as far up the paper. What You Need You only need a few simple materials for this project. While you can perform it using only one type of leaf (e.g., chopped spinach), you can experience the greatest range of pigment colors by collecting several types of leaves. LeavesSmall  Jars with LidsRubbing AlcoholCoffee FiltersHot WaterShallow PanKitchen Utensils Instructions Take 2-3 large leaves (or the equivalent with smaller leaves), tear them into tiny pieces, and place them into small jars with lids.Add enough alcohol to just cover the leaves.Loosely cover the jars and set them into a shallow pan containing an inch or so of hot tap water.Let the jars sit in the hot water for at least a half hour. Replace the hot water as it cools and swirl the jars from time to time.The jars are done when the alcohol has picked up color from the leaves. The darker the color, the brighter the chromatogram will be.Cut or tear a long strip of coffee filter paper for each jar.Place one strip of paper into each jar, with one end in the alcohol and the other outside of the jar.As the alcohol evaporates, it will pull the pigment up the paper, separating pigments according to size (largest will move the shortest distance).After 30-90 minutes (or until the desired separation is obtained), remove the strips of paper and allow them to dry.Can you identify which pigments are pr esent? Does the season in which the leaves are picked affect their colors? Tips for Success Try using frozen chopped spinach leaves.Experiment with other types of paper.You can substitute other alcohols for the rubbing alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol or methyl alcohol.If your chromatogram is pale, next time use more leaves and/or smaller pieces to yield more pigment. If you have a blender available, you can use it to finely chop the leaves. How Leaf Paper Chromatography Works Pigment molecules, such as chlorophyll and anthocyanins, are contained within plant leaves. Chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts. The plant cells need to be torn open to expose their pigment molecules. The macerated leaves are placed in a small amount of alcohol, which acts as a solvent. Hot water helps soften the plant matter, making it easier to extract the pigments into the alcohol. The end of a piece of paper is placed in the solution of alcohol, water, and pigment. The other end stands straight up. Gravity pulls on the molecules, while alcohol travels up the paper via capillary action, pulling pigment molecules upward with it. The choice of paper is important because if the fiber mesh is too dense (like printer paper), few of the pigment molecules will be small enough to navigate the maze of cellulose fibers to travel upward. If the mesh is too open (like a paper towel), then all of the pigment molecules easily travel up the paper and its difficult to separate them. Also, some pigment might be more soluble in water than in alcohol. If a molecule is highly soluble in alcohol, it travels through the paper (the mobile phase). An insoluble molecule might remain in the liquid. The technique is used to test purity of samples, where a pure solution should only produce a single band. It is also used to purify and isolate fractions. After the chromatogram has developed, the different bands may be cut apart and the pigments recovered. Sources Block, Richard J.; Durrum, Emmett L.; Zweig, Gunter (1955). A Manual of Paper Chromatography and Paper Electrophoresis. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4832-7680-9.Haslam, Edwin (2007). Vegetable tannins – Lessons of a phytochemical lifetime. Phytochemistry. 68 (22–24): 2713–21. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.009

Issue 14 no 2510 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Issue 14 no 2510 - Essay Example Every child has the right to quality education. In the rural parts of the Kenya, the preference to educate the boy child over the girl child is the essence of this big may hem. This cripples the girl child mind. Rights to education and training should be available to all and at the right time, (Ghai p 291). The arguments of the girl will get married and get a comfortable life wherever she is married are arguments that should be thrown to the bottom lake of fire. With the right education in place, the women are able to brain box their opposite gender for an equal share. In the lake region for instance the ‘luos,’ geographically located at the Lake region along the river Nile, traditionally practiced wife inheritance. The women lived in great agony after their husbands’ death. The rights to own property and make decisions were nowhere near the script, (Ghai p 292). This polygamous life was the birth of psychological torture. The exposure the sexually transmitted killer diseases could not be ruled out. Thanks to civilization that this never happens. In central Kenya where ‘bantus, kikuyu, the embu’ and the ‘meru’ tribes owned huge chunks of land. On the death of the husband, this property was illegally taken by the brothers to the deceased. This left the family to languish in poverty. The daughters of these rich tycoons were unfortunately not inheriting any form of property or land. The land was meant for the sons, (Ghai p 293). The belief that the women would get portions of wealth wherever they got married is an act that is highly condemned. This paper is in agreement that women have a reason to smile in Kenya today. The new constitution was promulgated towards the end of August 2010 have brought new tidings to the women in Kenya. The right to own property and the enactment of a trusted functioning judicial system is something to be proud of to the Kenyans. The general praise from

Moral Relativism in the movie Gattaca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral Relativism in the movie Gattaca - Essay Example The irony of the circumstances is that Jerome was not able to translate his excellent genetic profile to a real achievement who only won silver in a swimming competition. Yet, Vincent made the most out of it despite of his seemingly â€Å"inept† genetic structure. Example 3 Vincent Freeman did not believe that genetics determine a romantic compatibility in a relationship. His relationship with Irene Cassini proves that he does not subscribe to the convention that genetic in-valids cannot be with somebody who has a better genetic disposition. In the first place, genetics has no place in a romantic relationship whose goal is for two people to be happy together and to provide love and support to each partner. Conclusion The movie Gattaca depicts high-technology discrimination where society’s preference and opportunities in life is genetically determined. Not so long ago, this kind of discrimination also exists, only that the segregation was more obvious but it still involv es a person genetic make-up; that is the color of his skin through racial discrimination. An unjust societal structure that upholds injustice and unfairness cannot perpetuate for a long time because there will always be somebody who is a â€Å"moral relativist† who will go against its established norms. Any society whose established rules of morals and ethics segregate a man from another because of a genetic predisposition will definitely invite a â€Å"moral relativist† to challenge it. As what had happened before with any discriminatory practices such as racial discrimination, moral relativist or crusaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King challenged the prevailing norm that man should be judged by his character and not by the color of his skin. In Gattaca’s case, the... According to the research findings the most appropriate application of the definition of moral relativism in the movie Gatta is the Metaethical moral relativism which states that â€Å"the truth or falsity of moral judgments, or their justification, is not absolute or universal, but is relative to the traditions, convictions, or practices of a group of persons. Simply put, the metaethical definition of relativism is that the standard of morality, ethics and the determination of right and wrong are based on culture, norms and traditions and is therefore subjective and can be subjected to an individual’s choice and interpretation. In the movie Gattaca, Vincent Anton Freeman was moral relativist because he did not subscribe to the established rules by Gattaca that a man’s success is determined by genetics alone. An unjust societal structure that upholds injustice and unfairness cannot perpetuate for a long time because there will always be somebody who is a â€Å"moral r elativist† who will go against its established norms. Any society whose established rules of morals and ethics segregate a man from another because of a genetic predisposition will definitely invite a â€Å"moral relativist† to challenge it. In Gattaca’s case, the moral relativity that is founded more on a solid moral ground is the idea that every man should be given a chance in life whose success should depend on its own will, determination and character and not by his genetic disposition.

ASPECT OF COMPLIANCE TO TREATMENT IN RELATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE Essay

ASPECT OF COMPLIANCE TO TREATMENT IN RELATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES - Essay Example The present era witnesses a great deal of stress in every aspect of life. This results in increased incidence of hypertension, or cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Stress also induces dyslipidaemia and diabetes. Research and various clinical findings formulate that appropriate treatment is essential to decrease the incidence of morbidity and mortality happening due to all these ailments. It is essential to understand that all these conditions require lifelong treatment. Compliance with medicine is most essential to procure health benefits and to curtail the forthcoming consequences in terms of economic burden, wastage of time and money and other associated diseases with these ailments (Putzer, 2004). The present era witness a remarkable mount in occurrence and pervasiveness of type 2 diabetes in both pediatric and adult groups due to outbreak of overweight resulting in obesity, sedentary life style, resistance towards insulin and other metabolic conditions. It is therefore imperative to screen patients who show high-risk for diabetes and pre-diabetes. This step not only ensures on time diagnosis and exact classification but also ensures rapid onset of treatment and hence decreased risk for complications (Putzer, 2004). In order to avoid these complications it is essential that lifestyle modifications encompassing, modifications in diet, loss of weight and an appropriate schedule of physical exercise to sustain glycemic control. When these interventions fail then oral anti-diabetic agents are added as a part of regimen. It is established that type 2 diabetes cases require insulin therapy. When insulin or its analog is administered, there is a decrease in hypoglycemia. In severe cases when oral agents are also not able to procure enough control over the glycemic index, insulin therapy is given (Putzer, 2004). The situation

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas Industry

Commercial Contracts in International Oil and Gas Industry This paper aims to address the issues associated with long term petroleum contracts concluded between the state and international oil companies in terms of the political risks investors tend to face in such contracts as well as the risk of change of circumstances brought about not by the act of the parties but rather by the time. In doing so, the efficiency of both stabilization and renegotiation clauses, as means of mitigating these mentioned risks, are critically examined. It argues that stabilization clauses are highly problematic with regard to their validity and effect as they would normally conflict with the very well established principle of international law of state sovereignty, also these clauses are limited only to the change of regulatory framework and does not take into consideration the effect of change of other circumstances which may have a considerable impact on the parties obligations. Whereas, renegotiation clauses can be useful to reduce the impact of changes not only the legal framework of the host state but also other circumstances which are beyond the control of the parties should proper and clear mechanisms and criteria for implementing these clauses be provided for within the clause. It is widely recognized that regulatory stability of any given state is an essential element of promoting and encouraging investment in general and to attract and secure the confidence of potential foreign investors in particular.[1] This is certainly the case for energy projects where investors are vulnerable to wide variety of risks throughout the projects life, given the long duration and the capital intensive characters of these projects. In addition, the vurnablity of petroleum contracts to the change of circumstances, which may be beyond their control such as price fluctuation in the international energy market, can make the contractual arrangement that was once profitable becoming highly undesirable a few years later.[2] Not to mention the very fact that one of the parties of these contracts is state or its agency may well raise the investors concerns that the contractual arrangements once have been secured at the time of negotiating can be disregarded by unilateral states act later. Therefore, it has been the tendency of oil and gas investors to seek protection against these risks by providing for legal mechanism in the contract in order to mitigate their impact throughout the project period. These legal mechanisms tend to be in the form of stability guarantees offered by the state, either stabilization clauses or renegotiation clauses, as well as providing for arbitration to be the manner of dispute resolution. However, while the latter has become a stable and widely recognized clause aiming to ensure the netiaulty and fairness of resolving disputes arising between the states and IOCs, the former has generated much concern over their legal validity and effect, simply because of the fact that the main objective of these clauses is to fetter the states right to legislate and regulate for reasonably long period of time. It is the aim of the second chapter to critically analyze the different views given to stabilization clauses in scholars writing and the relevant arbitration awards in terms of their legal validity under both national and international law and the extent to which these clauses can prevent the state from exercising its sovereign power within its territory. Arguing that the sharp divide among scholars and arbitrators in this regard proves the insufficient and uncertain nature of these clauses, which in turns makes the capability of these clauses to provide absolute protection to oil and gas investor questionable. Chapter three goes on to further affirm the conclusion reached in the second chapter through using the example of the Russian petroleum experiment, where the existence of stabilization clauses led to decreasing cooperation between the state and the industry and resulted in disrupting the parties relationship as the petroleum activities went on, given the fact that the Russian Petroleum Law concerned only encouraging the exploration activities while lifting many essential aspects unregulated with the view that if the oil was to be found, new legislation would be enacted. It is from this chapter where this paper comes to the conclusion that not only does stabilization clauses conflict with the principle of state sovereignty and may well be held invalid as a result, but also these clauses have appeared to be inconsistent with the parties needs to flexible mechanism in order to mitigate the risk of changes of circumstances brought about by time rather than parties acts. Finally, chapter four aims to advocate the recent trend of inserting renegotiation clauses into oil and gas contracts as the proper manner to mitigate not only the political risk of state behavior but also other commercial risks associated with petroleum projects, which in the latter case even the host state can enjoy the protection offered by this device. On the other hand, this chapter also recognizes the fact that renegotiation clause may be too flexible, and thus run the risk of the contract being open-ending. Therefore, this chapter argues that the success of this clause depends, to very large extent, on the specific drafting agreed by the parties and whether a clear mechanism and guidance have been provided to address potential disputes. Thus, this paper argues that the states right to legislate and to regulate should not be subject to negotiation, nor to be used as an incentive for the purpose of attracting investment as such commitment is difficult to be fulfilled in the long term. Furthermore, stabilization clauses have proved to be inefficient and difficult to predict as well as inconsistent with the parties needs in such a long term contract. Whereas, renegotiation clauses can achieve the parties aims and objectives of sustaining the agreed contractual arrangements and encouraging cooperation needed in long term contracts through flexible legal mechanisms. 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Primary Sources 1.1 Judicial decisions PreussenElektra case (PreussenElektra AG vs Schleswag AG) ECJ C-379/98, European Court reports 2001, I-02099 Stardust Marine case (French Republic v Commission of the European Communities) ECJ C-482/99, European Court reports 2002, I-04397 1.2 European Union secondary legislation Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity, OJ L176/37, 15.07.2003 2. Secondary Sources 2.1 Books Cameron P. D., Legal Aspects of EU Energy Markets, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Helm D., Energy, the State, and the Market: British Energy Policy since 1979 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Hunt S., Making Competition Work in Electricity (New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2002). 2.2 Articles Meier, G.M., Impact of the power-market liberalization on the operation of CHP-plants securing the competitiveness on the district heat market, 29(4) Euroheat and Power/Fernwarme International (2000). Klinge Jacobsen, H., Fristrup, P. and Munksgaard, J., Integrated energy markets and varying degrees of liberalisation: Price links, bundled sales and CHP production exemplified by Northern European experiences, 34(18) Energy Policy 3527-3537 (2006). 2.3 Other 2.3.1 Internet sources European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration (GOGEN Europe), Financial and Regulatory Support for Cogeneration in EU (2007) http://www.cogeneurope.eu/publications/reports_and_studies.htm (last visited on 31 November 2008) Lowe, Ph., Applying EU Competition Law to the new liberalized energy markets, (13 May 2003) http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/speeches/text/sp2003_012_en.pdf (last visited on 1 December 2008) [1] L. Cotula, â€Å"Reconciling Regulatory Stability and Evolution of Environmental Standards in Investment Contracts: Towards a Rethink of Stabilization Clauses†, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, vol. 1 (2008), p164 [2] P. Thomas, â€Å"Evaluating Stabilisation Clause in Venezuelas Strategic Association Agreement for Heavy-Crude Extraction in the Orinoco Belt: The Return of a Forgotten Contractual Risk Reduction Mechanism for the Petroleum Industry† p.1

The Race :: essays research papers

If politics is the application of influence and authority then an election is the application of that influence to win the vote of the citizens. Many things from finances to current civic topics and from political background to political denomination determine the outcome and/or circumstances of elections, but the most influential election tool is, and has been, the media. The use and misuse of the media, political advertisements and televised debates has been known to win or lose an election. In the late 1990’s Patrick Kennedy decided to run for the House of Representatives, in Congress. After winning the primary, Kennedy would have only one opponent, Dr. Kevin Vigilante. At 39 years old Vigilante had an excellent background that included John Hopkins University and dozens of medical clinics. At 28 years old Patrick Kennedy was a typical political Kennedy with the drive to carry on the family legacy of public service. The media embraced this Kennedy-mania and Patrick Kennedy won the election 54-56, only 8 percentage points ahead. Kennedy won the election with money and influence in his left pocket and bulging out of his right pocket was the media. At first glance of this election it would seem as though Kennedy won because of name and money. At second glance that is not the complete story. Kennedy won the election through correct use of the media, through negative campaign ads and political influence. For Vigilante, fundraising for the campaign started with spending 500 hours on the phone and raising a commendable $150,000. Kennedy, on the other hand was not on the phone, he was planning fundraising events, events that would win him media attention, and the citizens approval. Kennedy brought in family members such as Caroline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Jr., and Hollywood icons such as Tony Bennett. In the end, the fundraising totals were close, Kennedy $1 million and Vigilante $800,000. The fact was, the media had embraced Patrick Kennedy with spotlights, interviews and editorials and the citizens embraced Kennedy because he had the influence to â€Å"bring home the bacon.† During the campaign Kennedy furthered his use of the media through negative advertising. Kennedy launched several ad campaigns the attacked Vigilante on several subjects ranging from only voting 4 times in 20 years and exaggerating an insurance claim on an automobile accident. Holding a news conference, Vigilante proceeded to ask Kennedy to pull the negative ads.